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The University Guide

LLM

1-2 years Postgraduate Reviewed April 2026 CLAT
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Built from official syllabi, regulatory frameworks, and institution pages.

Level Postgraduate · 1-2 years
Core area law
Entry route LLB or equivalent (3-year or 5-year integrated) from a BCI-recognised university
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What this degree is

The LLM (Master of Laws, from the Latin Legum Magister) is the standard postgraduate law degree. It is taken after completing a recognised law undergraduate programme — an LLB, BA LLB (Hons), or BBA LLB (Hons) — and is designed for lawyers who want to deepen their expertise in a specific area of law, move into academia, build an international legal practice profile, or gain the credentials required for senior roles in government, corporate practice, or international organisations.

Unlike the undergraduate law degrees discussed elsewhere in this library, the LLM is a postgraduate research and taught degree. It assumes students already have command of foundational legal knowledge. The focus is specialisation, research methodology, and advanced legal analysis — not the basics of torts or criminal law that students learned at the undergraduate stage.

The LLM is offered in two primary geographic contexts that require separate treatment: India and international (primarily the UK and US).

In India, the LLM is offered at National Law Universities (NLUs), central universities, and private law schools. Admission to NLU LLMs is primarily through CLAT PG. The duration of the Indian LLM has been the subject of regulatory transition: the Bar Council of India mandated a shift from one-year to two-year LLM programmes from the academic year 2022-23, citing the need for deeper research training. Many institutions are operating in transitional arrangements.

Internationally, the UK and US are the primary destinations for Indian law graduates seeking an LLM. UK LLMs (UCL, LSE, King’s College London, Oxford, Cambridge) are generally one-year taught programmes. US LLMs (Harvard, Columbia, NYU) are one-year programmes at the leading schools, where international law graduates can also take the New York Bar Examination after completing the LLM.

What students actually study

The LLM is a specialisation degree, not a comprehensive one. Students choose a concentration area and study it in depth, typically through taught modules (seminars, workshops, lectures) and a dissertation or extended research essay.

Core/compulsory components common across most LLM programmes:

  • Research Methods and Legal Writing: Advanced legal research methodology, citation practice, and the skills required for producing a dissertation-level piece of writing. At NALSAR Hyderabad, this is a mandatory two-semester sequence called “Research Methods and Legal Writing I and II.”
  • Comparative Public Law or Law and Justice in a Globalising World: Broader frameworks for situating the student’s specialisation within comparative and global legal contexts. NALSAR requires both “Law and Justice in Globalizing World” and “Comparative Public Law and Systems of Governance” as mandatory courses.
  • Dissertation: A substantial research piece (typically 15,000–25,000 words in India; 45 credits / 10,000-word research essay at UCL). The dissertation is the intellectual centrepiece of most LLM programmes.

Specialisation/elective modules: Students select courses from their chosen specialisation area. The elective menu at top programmes is extensive. NALSAR’s LLM offers specialisations in Corporate and Commercial Laws, Criminal Law, Family Law, Intellectual Property, International Trade and Business Law, Legal Pedagogy and Research, and Public Law and Legal Theory. Students must complete at least 15 credits in their chosen specialisation.

LSE’s LLM (widely cited as one of the most rigorous globally) offers 15 specialisms including Competition and Innovation Law, Corporate and Commercial Law, Criminal Law and Justice, Dispute Resolution, Environment and Energy Law, Financial Law and Regulation, Human Rights Law, Intellectual Property Law, International Business Law, IT and Data Law, Public International Law, Public Law, and Taxation Law. Students select seven LLM courses from approximately 80 options. One compulsory course is Legal Research and Writing Skills, assessed by a 10,000-word dissertation.

UCL’s LLM (10 months full-time) requires students to complete 180 credits: 135 taught module credits and a 45-credit Research Essay. Specialisms at UCL include Human Rights, International Commercial Law, International Law, Public Law, and others. Students who select a minimum of 60 credits from a specialism area can have that specialism listed on their final certificate.

Typical programme structures

India: one-year and two-year LLM

The regulatory transition: The BCI has mandated a two-year LLM from 2022-23 for BCI recognition. This reflects the BCI’s view that one year is insufficient for genuine postgraduate legal research training. In practice, many institutions — including several NLUs — have been implementing the transition over a phased period, and the situation has been in flux. Students considering an LLM in India should verify the current duration at the specific institution before applying.

One-year LLM (historically dominant and still operating at several institutions): An intensive two-semester structure. At NUJS Kolkata, the one-year LLM covers mandatory subjects, six elective specialisation courses, and a dissertation across two semesters. NUJS offers specialisations including Corporate and Commercial Law, International Law, Comparative Law, Criminal and Security Law, Intellectual Property Law, and Law and Technology.

At NALSAR Hyderabad, the one-year LLM requires three mandatory subjects (4 credits each), six optional subjects (3 credits each), and a dissertation (6 credits) across two semesters. The credit structure follows UGC guidelines (12 taught credits + 6 dissertation credits = 18 credits per year, weighted to approximately 400 total marks).

Two-year LLM (BCI-mandated, increasingly standard at NLUs): Spreads the curriculum over four semesters. This allows more elective depth, a longer dissertation window, and typically a teaching assistantship or more substantial research component. NLUs aligning with the BCI mandate from 2022-23 have restructured their LLM programmes accordingly.

Representative Indian LLM: NALSAR Hyderabad (one-year)

Semester I (July–December):

  • Mandatory: Law and Justice in Globalising World (4 credits), Research Methods and Legal Writing I (4 credits)
  • Optional: Elective Paper I (3 credits), Elective Paper II (3 credits), Seminar Paper I (3 credits)

Semester II (January–May):

  • Mandatory: Comparative Public Law and Systems of Governance (4 credits), Research Methods and Legal Writing II (3 credits, mandatory)
  • Optional: Elective Paper III / Teaching Assistantship (3 credits), Seminar Paper II (3 credits)
  • Dissertation (6 credits, mandatory)

Specialisation options at NALSAR (subject to availability and student numbers):

  • Corporate and Commercial Laws
  • Criminal Law
  • Family Law
  • Intellectual Property
  • International Trade and Business Law
  • Legal Pedagogy and Research
  • Public Law and Legal Theory

Skills this degree builds

An LLM is not primarily about learning more law; it is about learning how to think and write about law at a research level:

  • Advanced legal research: Identifying a research question, conducting systematic review of primary and secondary legal sources, engaging with comparative materials, and producing a rigorous, original research contribution.
  • Specialised expertise: Deep knowledge of a particular field — corporate law, human rights, IP, or constitutional theory — at a level significantly beyond what the undergraduate programme covered.
  • Legal writing at a scholarly level: Law review article standard writing: precise, citational, argument-driven, aware of the literature.
  • Comparative and international legal literacy: Understanding how the same legal question is approached across jurisdictions. This is central to most LLM programmes and particularly valuable for international practice.
  • Teaching and pedagogy (where a teaching assistantship is included): Experience in delivering seminars, marking, and explaining legal concepts — foundational for academic careers.
  • Professional network: The LLM cohort, particularly at leading institutions, includes practitioners, academics, and public servants from multiple jurisdictions. The professional relationships formed during the programme are a lasting asset.

Who should consider this degree

The LLM is appropriate for:

  • Lawyers seeking specialisation: A corporate lawyer who wants to deepen expertise in M&A or securities regulation; a general practitioner wanting to specialise in intellectual property or environmental law; a human rights worker seeking a formal academic grounding.
  • Aspiring legal academics: The LLM is the standard prerequisite for a law PhD. Students who want to teach and research law need the LLM first.
  • Lawyers targeting international careers: UK and US LLMs open access to international law firms, global organisations, and foreign bar admission processes not available to holders of Indian law degrees alone.
  • Judiciary and public service aspirants: Some LLM specialisations — Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Public Law — are directly relevant to judiciary examination preparation and senior civil service roles.
  • Postgraduate study as repositioning: A lawyer who practised in criminal law for five years and wants to move into international arbitration can use an LLM to make that pivot credibly.

The LLM is not appropriate as a replacement for the undergraduate law degree. It is not possible to practise law on an LLM alone. The underlying LLB (or equivalent) remains the qualification required for bar enrolment.

This degree may not suit you if:

  • You are pursuing the LLM immediately after the LLB without any practice experience and without a clear research or specialisation rationale — an LLM completed without professional or academic context behind it adds less value; employers and doctoral admissions committees both look for evidence of genuine specialisation motivation
  • You are primarily seeking a salary increase at your current firm through an additional qualification — an Indian one-year LLM rarely commands a salary premium in domestic law firm settings; the credential has more value for career pivots, international mobility, and academic positioning than for incremental domestic pay increases
  • You have not yet decided on a practice area — the LLM works best as a deepening tool rather than a direction-setting one; students who are still exploring what kind of lawyer they want to be are better served by two to three more years of varied practice before committing to a specialisation-focused postgraduate degree

LLM vs LLB

The LLB (three-year) is the undergraduate entry qualification for the legal profession. It covers broad foundations across all major areas of law. The LLM is postgraduate and assumes command of those foundations. LLB graduates can practise law; LLM holders who did not hold a prior law degree cannot practise on the LLM alone. The LLM deepens and specialises; the LLB provides the essential professional qualification.

LLM vs BA LLB and BBA LLB

The BA LLB (Hons) and BBA LLB (Hons) are five-year undergraduate programmes entered after Class 12. They are entry-level qualifications for the legal profession, equivalent in bar-enrolment status to the three-year LLB but with integrated arts or management foundations. The LLM is a postgraduate degree taken after any of these three undergraduate law programmes.

The key distinctions are:

  • LLM is research-oriented and specialised; the undergraduate law degrees are broad and foundational.
  • LLM requires prior completion of an undergraduate law degree; it is not a first qualification.
  • LLM opens the path to PhD and academia; undergraduate law degrees do not.
  • LLM at UK/US institutions opens international practice and bar admission pathways not available through Indian undergraduate law degrees alone.

LLM vs PhD

An LLM is a taught-and-research postgraduate degree completed in one to two years. A PhD (JSD in some US contexts, SJD at certain institutions) is a research doctorate, typically three to five years, requiring an original contribution to legal knowledge. The LLM is usually a prerequisite for a PhD in law at most institutions globally. The PhD is for students committed to legal academia or senior research roles; the LLM is for a much broader range of practitioners, academics, and professionals.

Admissions and eligibility patterns

Eligibility in India

Under BCI standards and CLAT PG requirements:

  • Educational qualification: LLB degree or equivalent (3-year or 5-year integrated) from a recognised university, approved by the BCI.
  • Minimum marks (General/OBC/PWD/NRI/PIO/OCI): 50% aggregate in the qualifying LLB degree.
  • Minimum marks (SC/ST): 45% aggregate.
  • Final year applicants: Students in the final year of their LLB may apply provisionally and must submit qualifying certificates at the time of admission.
  • No upper age limit.

Common entrance routes

RouteDetails
CLAT PGConducted by the Consortium of NLUs for admission to LLM programmes at all participating NLUs. 120 MCQs; 2 hours; Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Torts, Contract, Jurisprudence, International Law, and other core law subjects.
College-specific testsNLU Delhi conducts its own AILET PG for its LLM programme. Many private law schools and autonomous universities hold their own entrance tests or offer merit-based admission from the qualifying LLB.

International LLM: entry requirements

UK and US LLM programmes generally require:

  • A first law degree (LLB, JD, or equivalent) from a recognised institution.
  • English language proficiency: IELTS 7.0+ or TOEFL 100+ (iBT) for most UK and US programmes.
  • For UK universities specifically: A “good 2.1 equivalent” — translated for Indian applicants as approximately First Class (70%+) or a high Upper Second Class in the LLB. UCL requires “a good 2.1 with evidence of 1st class ability” (average 65%+ across all years, with at least one mark over the equivalent of 1st class). LSE requires “a very good undergraduate degree in law, LLB or equivalent (for example, a first or very high upper second).”
  • For US universities: Harvard requires a first law degree from any accredited foreign law school. Columbia requires a first law degree qualifying for practice in the applicant’s jurisdiction. NYU requires a first law degree (JD or LLB) from a recognised institution.
  • Personal statement, letters of recommendation (typically two), and CV are required at all major international programmes.

India vs global degree structure

This section covers the core structural differences between the LLM as practised in India and in the UK/US, the primary international destinations for Indian law graduates.

India: the one-year vs two-year transition

Historically, the standard Indian LLM was a one-year (two-semester) programme. This was also the model at most NLUs, including NLSIU Bangalore, NUJS Kolkata, and NALSAR Hyderabad.

The BCI announced that one-year LLM programmes would be phased out in favour of a two-year structure from 2022-23. The BCI’s reasoning was that one year provides insufficient time for genuine research training, dissertation development, and specialisation depth. The announcement generated significant debate in legal education circles, with some NLUs and institutions arguing that an intensive one-year programme can be rigorous and that extending to two years risks diluting quality.

In practice, as of the time of this writing, several NLUs continue to offer or transition their LLM programmes, and students should check the specific institution’s current structure directly. NLU Delhi, NLSIU Bangalore, and NUJS Kolkata have been among the institutions managing this transition. The BCI has also confirmed it does not recognise online LLM degrees for teaching, practice, or any position requiring BCI recognition — students must ensure they enrol in a regular, in-person programme.

UK: the one-year taught LLM

UK LLMs are uniformly one-year (full-time) programmes. The model at all leading UK law schools (UCL, LSE, King’s College London, Oxford, Cambridge) is:

  • Approximately 10 months of teaching (September to June/July).
  • A combination of taught modules and a research essay or dissertation.
  • Students choose specialisations from a broad menu; most programmes allow a mix of modules across specialisation areas.

UCL LLM: 180 credits; 135 taught module credits + 45-credit Research Essay; full-time is 10 months. Part-time is 2 academic years. Overseas tuition fee for 2025/26: £36,500. Entry requires a law qualification (LLB, JD, or GDL) and a good 2.1 with evidence of first-class ability. Indian LLB graduates from strong institutions with 65%+ aggregate typically meet the academic threshold. English language level 4 (IELTS 7.0+).

LSE LLM: Full-time or part-time (extended part-time up to 48 months). Compulsory course: Legal Research and Writing Skills with 10,000-word dissertation. Seven LLM courses from approximately 80 options. Fifteen specialisms available. LSE is ranked in the top 6 law schools globally (QS 2025). Entry requires “a very good undergraduate degree in law, LLB or equivalent (a first or very high upper second).” For Indian applicants, LSE has historically required approximately 70%+ for students from highly ranked institutions.

King’s College London LLM: One-year full-time; September intake. Minimum requirement: high 2.1 (65%+) in an undergraduate law degree. For Indian LLB graduates, this translates to First Class or a strong Upper Second Class. King’s accepts approximately 250 students per year from over 1,200 applicants (approximately 20% acceptance rate). English: IELTS 7.0 overall with 6.5 minimum in each component. No exemptions from English language testing for Indian students even from English-medium institutions.

US: the LLM for foreign-trained lawyers

US LLM programmes are primarily one-year full-time programmes. Unlike the UK model, US LLMs have a specific pathway for international (non-US-trained) lawyers: completing an LLM at an ABA-accredited US law school in the state of New York can make a foreign law graduate eligible to sit the New York Bar Examination, opening access to US legal practice.

Harvard Law School LLM: One-year programme, approximately 180 students from some 60 countries. Eligibility: JD from ABA-approved US law school or a first law degree (LLB or equivalent) from a foreign law school. Harvard does not require LSAT or GRE. Application requires personal statement, CV, transcripts, two letters of recommendation, and TOEFL (minimum 100 iBT) for applicants from non-English-medium programmes. Harvard’s LLM is highly selective; for international applicants, roughly two or more years of post-LLB work experience is common among admitted students. The programme is designed for graduates pursuing teaching, research, government service, and international practice.

Columbia Law School LLM: One-year, 24 credits. Eligibility: a first law degree qualifying the applicant for practice in their jurisdiction. Work experience preferred: Columbia generally wants at least one year of post-law-school professional experience. Applications via LSAC; TOEFL minimum 105 (iBT) or IELTS 8.0. Columbia offers a general LLM with the freedom to select courses from a broad curriculum, as well as specialised LLM options.

NYU Law LLM: One-year full-time for international applicants (who must apply for fall entry to complete required introductory US law courses). Eligibility: first law degree (JD or LLB) from a recognised institution. Applications via LSAC. NYU also offers specialised LLM tracks including International Legal Studies. For Indian students from India who hold only a baccalaureate and a law degree (and not a post-graduate law degree), note that NYU has historically required demonstration of postgraduate-level credentials for Indian applicants — students should check NYU’s current country-specific requirements directly.

Why Indian law graduates pursue UK/US LLMs

The reasons Indian lawyers pursue LLMs at UK and US institutions go beyond prestige:

  • International legal skills: UK LLM programmes (particularly at UCL, LSE, and King’s) provide training in English common law, comparative law, and international law frameworks that are directly applicable to cross-border transactions, international arbitration, and multilateral organisations.
  • International commercial arbitration: London and New York are the two leading seats of international commercial arbitration. An LLM at a London law school, combined with experience in London-based arbitral institutions, provides genuine competitive advantage for a career in international arbitration.
  • Bar admission: Completing an LLM at a US ABA-accredited law school typically qualifies a foreign-trained lawyer to sit the New York Bar Examination. This opens access to US legal practice and, in practice, significantly expands the pool of international law firm opportunities.
  • Network and placement: UK and US LLM cohorts include lawyers from 40–60 countries. The professional network built during the programme has global reach.
  • Immigration law practice: For Indian lawyers working on inbound or outbound investment, family immigration, or international business matters, knowledge of UK, EU, or US immigration frameworks has practical value.
  • Career reorientation: An LLM from a top UK or US institution can reposition a lawyer who has spent several years in domestic practice into international-facing roles — particularly at global law firms, international organisations (WTO, World Bank, UNHCR), and multilateral institutions.

Costs and funding for international LLMs

The cost of international LLMs is significant. For 2025-26, UCL’s overseas tuition fee is £36,500 (approximately INR 38–40 lakh, subject to exchange rates). King’s College London’s tuition is £38,300. LSE’s fees are comparable. US LLMs are more expensive: Columbia’s 2025 tuition was approximately USD 85,000 (approximately INR 70+ lakh). Living costs in London or New York add substantially to the total.

Funding sources include Chevening Scholarships (UK Foreign Office, open to Indian nationals; covers full tuition and living costs; highly competitive), Commonwealth Scholarships, Inlaks Shivdasani Foundation Scholarships, Fulbright-Nehru Master’s Fellowships (for US), and merit-based scholarships at individual universities. Students should research funding options before committing, as taking large loans for an LLM requires careful consideration of return-on-investment.

Careers after this degree

In India, with an Indian LLM:

  • Senior advocacy and specialisation: A lawyer who has spent two to three years in practice and completes an LLM in Constitutional Law or Criminal Law can position for senior positions in established chambers or as a specialist counsel.
  • Law faculty positions: Most Indian law school faculty positions require at minimum an LLM; a PhD is increasingly standard for permanent faculty. The LLM is the essential gateway into academia.
  • Judicial service advancement: LLM holders in service are viewed more favourably for appointment as judges or for appointments in administrative tribunals.
  • Government legal departments: Roles in the Ministry of Law and Justice, regulatory bodies (SEBI, RBI, CCI, TRAI), and constitutional bodies.

With a UK or US LLM:

  • International law firm roles: Magic Circle firms (Clifford Chance, Linklaters, Allen & Overy, Freshfields) and US Biglaw firms recruit Indian lawyers with LLMs from top UK/US institutions for roles in cross-border M&A, capital markets, and international arbitration.
  • In-house counsel at multinational corporations: Companies with India offices or India operations employ lawyers with combined Indian law and international law backgrounds.
  • International organisations: WTO, World Bank, UNHCR, ICSID, and similar organisations recruit lawyers with advanced degrees from recognised institutions.
  • International arbitration: The LLM from a London institution provides a meaningful credential for roles at international arbitral institutions (LCIA, ICC, SIAC) and for practice as arbitral counsel.
  • NY bar admission: LLM graduates from ABA-accredited US law schools may qualify for the New York Bar, enabling legal practice in the US and work at US-headquartered law firms.

Indian institutional examples

NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad: Intensive one-year LLM with seven specialisation tracks. UGC guidelines-compliant structure: 3 mandatory subjects + 6 optional subjects + dissertation. Admission via CLAT PG. Programme designed for both practitioners and aspiring academics, with a dedicated Legal Pedagogy and Research specialisation.

NUJS Kolkata (West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences): Offers a one-year LLM with specialisations including Corporate and Commercial Law, International Law, Comparative Law, Criminal and Security Law, Intellectual Property Law, and Law and Technology. Also offers a two-year LLM in Data Science and Data Protection Law. Admission via CLAT PG.

NLSIU Bangalore: One-year LLM structured around three trimesters per year. NLSIU recently redesigned its LLM structure to offer greater flexibility in course choice, with three LLM Core Compulsory courses, one Concentration Core course, three Concentration Electives, four General Electives, and a Dissertation in the concentration area. Admission via CLAT PG (with Karnataka state quota reservations applicable at the LLM level as well).

Jindal Global Law School (O.P. Jindal Global University): Offers LLM programmes including one-year and two-year tracks. Known for international law, human rights, and business law concentrations. Strong faculty with international research profiles. See the Jindal Global University profile.

Ambedkar University Delhi: Offers an LLM with a distinct emphasis on constitutional rights, social justice, and marginalised communities — aligning with AUD’s broader academic identity in social sciences and humanities. Well-suited for students interested in human rights law, poverty law, and constitutional scholarship. See the Ambedkar University Delhi profile.

International institutional examples

UCL Faculty of Laws (London): One of the leading law faculties globally. The UCL LLM runs over 10 months full-time (or two years part-time). Students complete 180 credits: 135 taught + 45 Research Essay. Optional specialisations include Commercial Law, International Law, Human Rights, and Public Law. Entry: law qualification (LLB, JD, or GDL), good 2.1 with evidence of first-class ability. For Indian applicants: approximately 65%+ aggregate across all LLB years, with at least one mark in the highest class category. Overseas tuition 2025/26: £36,500.

London School of Economics (LSE): The LSE LLM is widely recognised as one of the most rigorous global LLM programmes, particularly for commercial law, financial regulation, and international economic law. Fifteen specialisms; approximately 80 course options; compulsory Legal Research and Writing Skills with 10,000-word dissertation. Entry: very good undergraduate degree in law, “a first or very high upper second.” LSE is ranked in the top 6 law schools globally (QS 2025). Rolling admissions (closes when full); scholarship deadline April 2026 for the Margaret Bennett and other awards.

King’s College London, Dickson Poon School of Law: One-year LLM in London. Minimum high 2.1 (65%+) in an undergraduate law degree. For Indian graduates, approximately 70%+ is competitive. Approximately 250 places per year; 1,200+ applications. English: IELTS 7.0 overall, 6.5 minimum in each component. Chevening and Commonwealth Scholarships are primary funding routes for Indian applicants. Graduate Route visa (2 years) post-completion provides employment flexibility.

Harvard Law School: One-year LLM, approximately 180 students from 60 countries. Requires first law degree from any accredited foreign law school. Two years of post-LLB experience not required but common among admitted international applicants. TOEFL 100 iBT minimum. Admission is highly competitive; no fixed acceptance rate published. The programme is oriented towards future law teachers, senior government lawyers, and international practitioners.

Columbia Law School: One-year, 24 credits. General LLM with full curriculum access. Highly competitive with approximately 13% acceptance rate (various sources). Work experience of at least one year post-law-school preferred. TOEFL 105 iBT / IELTS 8.0. Applications via LSAC. Deadline: December 2 (applications, supporting materials via LSAC).

New York University School of Law: One-year full-time LLM for international applicants (fall entry); specialised LLM tracks including International Legal Studies. Applications via LSAC. Note: NYU’s eligibility documentation suggests Indian applicants may need to demonstrate both baccalaureate and master’s-level credentials — students should verify the current country-specific requirements with NYU directly before applying.

  • BA LLB (Hons) — the five-year integrated law undergraduate degree; the most common feeder degree to the LLM from NLU graduates
  • BBA LLB (Hons) — the management-foundation integrated law degree; BBA LLB graduates often pursue LLMs in corporate law, M&A, or securities regulation
  • LLB — the three-year undergraduate law degree; LLB graduates (three-year) are equally eligible for the LLM as five-year graduates
  • MA Public Policy — an alternative postgraduate pathway for law graduates interested in governance, regulatory design, and policy analysis rather than legal specialisation
  • MA International Relations — for law graduates interested in international organisations, diplomatic law, and global governance

Sources Used

The information on this page is compiled from official sources and institutional programme pages. It may not reflect the most recent changes. Always verify directly with the institution before making any admission or financial decision.

Sources Used